I'm talking about iOS 7+.


Windows Phone used Metro, which was completely flat and highly typography-based (stemming from it being an evolution of the Zune HD's UI, which was great.)
Material Design shares some traits like an emphasis on digital authenticism vs. skeuomorphism and a rejection of gradients in favor of solid colors, but the similarities end there. Drop shadows separate various layers of the UI and Material Design highly stresses motion design as a core tenet.

MD is also more icon-based (vs. Metro's typography and tiles), but only to an extent (and doesn't get
nearly as absurd as iOS 11's impenetrable Control Center.) MD apps are structured around a header, hamburger menu, tabs, and the floating action button - the latter of which gives users immediate and prominent access to the current screen's most-useful function.

I encourage you to read
the Material Design Guidelines, which are comprehensive, consistent, and beautiful.