As far as I can tell, you recover too slowly to juggle after an uppercut. Not sure if it works after an anti-air; I never even thought to test it.
It's usually fairly easy to tell what you can potentially juggle after. Neutral jump punch is a universal ground bounce for ALL characters that can be followed up on. Aside from that, you just need to take a look at your character's attacks and see if anything bounces or does a vertical launcher and just try to land some different stuff after it. Often you'll have to immediately dash or take a step forward to hit anything.
edit: Actually, I just noticed it tells you if an attack is a ground bounce or launcher on the Shoryuken guide.
For instance, after Smoke's FK, down+FP, BP series, you have a fair amount of time to dash forward and do some stuff. You can do another of that series and end it with an air throw, or you can dash forward do a short ground combo into smoke bomb and follow-up as they're falling back down, or you can jump forward and do a jump kick and cancel it into air teleport punch. Lotta different things to try out.